Indomethacin + Paracetamol Pharmacology

Indomethacin + Paracetamol

About Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Mechanism of Action of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Pharmacokinets of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Onset of Action for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Duration of Action for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Half Life of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Side Effects of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Contra-indications of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Special Precautions while taking Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Pregnancy Related Information
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Old Age Related Information
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Breast Feeding Related Information
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Children Related Information
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Indications for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Interactions for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Typical Dosage for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Schedule of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Storage Requirements for Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Effects of Missed Dosage of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Effects of Overdose of Indomethacin + Paracetamol
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Indomethacin

About Indomethacin
NSAID, Indole derivative, Anti-inflammatory, potent antipyretic and analgesic.
Mechanism of Action of Indomethacin
Indomethacin acts by inhibition of Prostaglandin (PGs) synthesis and their release at the site of injury. Prostaglandins cause tenderness and amplify the action of other algesics. Indomethacin does not affect the tenderness induced by PGs but block the pain producing mechanism induced by inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase.
Pharmacokinets of Indomethacin
Absorption: Indomethacin is well absorbed after oral administration. Distribution: It is distributed in protein bound form. Metabolism: Indomethacin is metabolised to inactive metabolites in the liver. Excretion: Drug and metabolites are primarily excreted in urine and some amount in the faeces.
Onset of Action for Indomethacin
Analgesic action: with in 30 minutes and Antirheumatic action with in 1 week
Duration of Action for Indomethacin
6 - 8 hours
Half Life of Indomethacin
2-5 hours
Side Effects of Indomethacin
1.Nausea
2.Vomiting
3.Anorexia
4.Diarrhoea
5.Gastrointestinal bleeding
6.Abdominal distress
7.Constipation
8.Peptic ulcer
9.Dyspepsia
10.Headache
11.Depression
12.Dizziness
13.Confusion
14.Somnolence
15.Ataxia
16.Psychoses
17.Vertigo
18.Rash
Contra-indications of Indomethacin
1.Hypersensitivity to Indomethacin and other Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs(NSAID)
2.Peptic ulcer
3.Severe renal impairment
4.Suppositories in patients with proctitis and hemorrhoids.
Special Precautions while taking Indomethacin
1.Hepatic impairment
2.Renal impairment
3.Cardiovascular diseases
4.Gastrointestinal diseases
5.Parkinsonism
6.Epilepsy
7.Psychiatric illness
8.Cautioned against driving, operating or activities requiring concentration
9.Avoid alcohol
Pregnancy Related Information
Contraindicated.
Old Age Related Information
Use with caution.
Breast Feeding Related Information
Contraindicated.
Children Related Information
CHILDREN below 14 years: contraindicated
NEONATES: used only to close the patent ductus arteriosus as IV form only
Indications for Indomethacin
1.Rheumatoid arthritis
2.Ankylosing spondylitis
3.Osteoarthritis
4.Gouty arthritis
5.Dysmenorrhoea
6.Painful shoulder
7.Migraine
8.Closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants
Interactions for Indomethacin
Anticoagulants: May prolong prothrombin time. Instruct patients to watch for signs & symptoms of bleeding.
Beta-Blockers: Antihypertensive effect may be blunted.
Cyclosporine: Nephrotoxicity of both agents may be increased.
Digoxin: Serum digoxin levels may be increased by ibuprofen and indomethacin.
Hydantoins: Serum hydantoin levels increased resulting in increased pharmacological and toxic effects.
Lithium: Serum lithium levels may be increased.
Loop diuretics: Decreased effects.
Methotrexate: Risk of methotrexate toxicity (bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, stomatitis) may be increased.
Salicylates: Displaces NSAIDs from serum binding sites resulting in decreased plasma concentrations of NSAIDs and increased incidence of GI effects.
Sympathomimetics: Indomethacin coadministration may result in increased blood pressure.
Thiazide diuretics: Naproxen and indomethacin may cause decreased antihypertensive and diuretic action.
Typical Dosage for Indomethacin
DOSAGE:
Adult: 50 - 200 mg / day in 2 - 4 divided doses.
Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and Osteoarthritis: 50 - 75 mg / day in 2 - 3 divided doses with food or antacids. Dose can be gradually increased every week until sufficient response is obtained.
Maximum dose: 200 mg / day
Gouty arthritis: 150 mg / day in 3 divided doses until pain is tolerable. Then reduce the dose and suddenly stop the drug.
Dysmenorrhoea: 75 mg / day in 3 divided doses with food or antacids.
Painful shoulder: 75 -150 mg / day in 3 - 4 divided doses for 1 - 2 week
Migraine: 50mg 3 - 4 times daily

Children: 1 mg / kg / day in divided doses.
Maximum dose: 4 mg / kg / day in divided doses.
Children below 14 years: not recommended

Schedule of Indomethacin
H
Storage Requirements for Indomethacin
Store Indomethacin at room temperature in a tightly closed light resistant container.
Effects of Missed Dosage of Indomethacin
Take the missed dose as soon as noticed and if it is the time for next dose then skip the missed dose. Continue the regular schedule. Do not double the dose.

Effects of Overdose of Indomethacin
Give supportive measures and symptomatic treatment. Drug can be removed from the body by gastric lavage or by inducing emesis. Absorption of the drug can be reduced by administration of activated charcoal.

Paracetamol

About Paracetamol
Acetanilide derivative, Non narcotic Analgesic,Antipyretic.
Mechanism of Action of Paracetamol
Paracetamol has analgesic and antipyretic action.
It is more active on cyclo-oxygenase enzyme in brain. Peripherally it is a poor inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.
Analgesic action: Paracetamol raises the pain threshold and produces analgesic effect.
Antipyretic action: Paracetamol lowers fever by direct action on the thermoregulatory centre in the Hypothalamus and block the effects of endogenous pyrogen.
Pharmacokinets of Paracetamol
Absorption: Paracetamol is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration.
Distribution: It is distributed mostly in the body in unbound form.
Metabolism: It is extensively metabolised in the liver.
Excretion: Excreted in the urine.
Onset of Action for Paracetamol
30 - 60 minutes
Duration of Action for Paracetamol
6 hours
Half Life of Paracetamol
1-4 hours
Side Effects of Paracetamol
1. Nausea
2. Abdominal distress
3. Allergic reactions
4. Rash
Contra-indications of Paracetamol
1. Hypersensitivity to Paracetamol
Special Precautions while taking Paracetamol
1. Hepatic impairment
2. Renal impairment
3. Hypertension
Pregnancy Related Information
Use with caution
Old Age Related Information
Use with caution
Breast Feeding Related Information
Use with caution
Children Related Information
Use with caution
NEONATES : Contraindicated
Indications for Paracetamol
1. To relieve pain and fever
2. Acute gout
3. Migraine
Interactions for Paracetamol
Cholestyramine: Reduces absorption of paracetamol.
Charcoal: Activated, administered immediately reduces absorption of paracetamol.
Domperidone and metochlopramide: Enhance absorption of paracetamol.
Alcohol: Chronic excessive ingestion of alcohol potentiates hepatotoxicity of paracetamol.
Zidovudine: Effects zidovudine may be decreased.
Typical Dosage for Paracetamol
Adult:
500 - 1000 mg in 3 times daily
Maximum dose: 4 g / day
For migraine: 500 mg to be taken at the first sign of migraine attack and repeated 4 - 6 hourly until suppress mild attacks.
Children:
60 mg / kg body weight /day in 4 divided doses.
Schedule of Paracetamol
H
Storage Requirements for Paracetamol
Store at 15-30 degree C in a tightly closed container. Protect from heat and moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.
Effects of Missed Dosage of Paracetamol
Take the missed dose as soon as noticed and if it is the time for next dose then skip the missed dose. Continue the regular schedule. Do not double the dose.
Effects of Overdose of Paracetamol
Give supportive measures and symptomatic treatment. Drug can be removed from the body by gastric lavage or by inducing emesis. Absorption of the drug can be reduced by administration of activated charcoal. N-acetylcysteine is the specific antidote for Paracetamol poisoning. Dose: 150 mg /kg body weight as IV infusion over 15 minutes followed by same dose over 20 hours.
Maintenance dose: 75 mg / kg orally every 4 - 6 hours for 2 - 3 days. Haemodialysis can be done in emergency conditions.

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