Clotrimazole + Neomycin + Betamethasone Pharmacology
Clotrimazole + Neomycin + Betamethasone
1.Fungal and bacterial infections of skin
2.Allergic conditions of the skin
Clotrimazole
2.Erythema
3.Burning
4.Pruritis
5.Vesication
6.Desquamation
7.Urticaria
8.Burning
9.Peeling
10.Irritation
2.Do not wear occlusive dress over the medicament.
NEONATES: contraindicated
2.Tinea cruris
3.Tinea versicolor
4.Tinea corporis
5.Cutaneous candidiasis
6.Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Clean and dry the affected area and apply the medicament with gentle massage 2 -3 times daily for 2 - 4 weeks.
Vaginal candidiasis: Insert 1 applicator full (vaginal cream 1%) intravaginally at night for 1 -2 weeks.
Vaginal tablets 100. 200 and 500mg tablet is available.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Insert 100mg tablet intravaginally at bed time for 7 consecutive days or 200 mg tablet for 3 consecutive days or 500 mg tablet for 1 day at night.
Oral lozenge 10 mg is available
Oropharyngeal candidiasis: 1 lozenge orally 5 times daily for 2 weeks
Prophylaxis of Oropharyngeal candidiasis: 1 lozenge is used 3 times daily
Gel: Insert with an applicator intravaginally at night for 1 - 2 weeks.
Powder (1% w/ w): dusted over the body parts as required
Neomycin
Distribution- Rapidly distributed in the body after oral administration. 30% bound to the plasma proteins. It crosses the placenta
Metabolism- Not metabolized
Excretion- Excreted through urine and feces (primarily as unchanged form). It also excreted through breast milk
2. Diarrhoea
3. Inflammation of the large intestine (colitis)
4. Nausea
5. Vomiting
6. Ototoxicity
7. Damage to the kidneys
8. Damage to vestibular function within the ear
2. Hypersensitivity to other amino glycosides
3. Intestinal obstruction
2. Neuromuscular disorder
3. Ulcerative bowel lesions
4. Extensive dermatologic conditions
5. Any other eye infection or condition
6. Glaucoma
7. Cataract surgery
8. Blockage of the bowel
9. Eighth-cranial-nerve disease (loss of hearing and/or balance)
10. Kidney disease
11. Myasthenia gravis
12. Parkinson`s disease
13. Ulcers of the bowel
2. Preventing infection following surgery
3. Topical infections
4. Systemic infections
Adults-
1 or 2 drops every three or four hours- For eye infection
Oral (solution, tablets):
Adults and teenagers-
1 to 3 grams every six hours for five or six days- coma from liver disease
Adults and teenagers-
1 gram every hour for four hours, then 1 gram every four hours for the rest of a twenty-four hour period; or 1 gram nineteen hours before surgery, 1 gram eighteen hours before surgery, and 1 gram nine hours before surgery- cleaning the bowel before surgery.
Children-
14.7 milligrams mg/kg or 6.7 mg/ pound every four hours for three days
Ear preparation:
Adults and children-
2 to 5 drops into ear canal 3 to 4 times daily for 7 to 10 days- External ear canal infection
Betamethasone
The drug exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions as follows: - 1) Induce lipocortins in macrophages, endothelium, and fibroblasts which inhibits phospholipase A2 and thus decreases the production of Prostaglandins, leukotriens (LT), and platelet activating factor, 2) Causes negative regulation of genes for cytokines in macrophages, endothelial cells and lymphocytes and thus decreases the production of interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6), TNF-alpha, GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor), Gama interferon and suppresses fibroblast proliferation and T-lymphocyte functions and interferes chemotaxis. 3) Decreases the production of acute phase reactants from macrophages and endothelial cells and interferes complement function. 4) Decreases the production of ELAM-1(Endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1) and ICAM-1(intracellular adhesion molecule-1) in endothelial cells. 5) Inhibit IgE mediated histamine and LT-C4 release from basophiles and the effects of antigen-antibody reaction is not mediated 6) Reduces the production of collagenase and stromolysin and thus prevents tissue destruction.
Topical:-Absorption: It is absorbed in to the systemic circulation and the amount is depending on the potency, amount applied and the nature of the skin at the site of application. Absorption increases at the site of skin damage, inflammation or occlusion
2.Peptic ulcer
3.Haemorrhage
4.Glycosuria
5.Hyperglycaemia
6.Osteoporosis
7.Atrophy of adrenal cortex(on prolonged therapy)
8.Suppression of adrenocorticotropic hormone
9.Cushing`s syndrome
10.Inhibition of growth in children
11.Amenorrhoea
12.Behavioral disturbances
13.Thromboembolic disorders
14.Myopathy
15.Weakness
16.Lymphocytopenia
17.Muscle wasting
18.Gastrointestinal discomfort
19.Increased appetite
20.Delayed wound healing
21.Headache
22.Euphoria
23.Insomnia
24.Seizures
25.Heart failure
26.Arrhythmias
27.Posterior sub capsular cataract
28.Glaucoma
29.Hirsutism
30.Increased intracranial pressure.
Topcal:
1.Burning
2.Irritation
3.Dryness
4.Erythema
5.Folliculitis
6.Striae
7.Skin atrophy
8.tching
2.Untreated infections
3.Systemic fungal infections
Topical:
1.Hypersensitivity to Betamethasone and other corticosteroids
2.Untreated bacterial, virus or fungal infections
3.Acne vulgaris
4.Peri-oral dermatitis
5.Scabies
6.Leg ulcers
7.Tuberculosis of the skin
8. Varicose ulcers
9. Skin lesions caused by infections with ring worm, fungi (e.g. Candida, Tinea) or bacteria (e.g. impetigo)
10.Discoid lupus Erythematosus
2.Use lower dosages as much as possible
3.Concurrent vaccination
4.Ocular herpes simplex
5.Primary glaucoma
6.Peptic ulcer
7.Psychosis
8.Tuberculosis
9.Epilepsy
10.Osteoporsis
11.Congestive heart failure
12.Renal impairment
13.Recent myocardial infarction
14.Heart failure
15.Diabetes mellitus
16.Hypothyroidism
17.Cirrhosis
18.Stress
19.Sepsis
20.Hypertension
21.Myasthenia gravis
22.Hepatic impairment
23.Non specific Ulcerative colitis
24.Diverticulitis
25.Recent intestinal anastomosis
26.Thromboembolic disorders
27.Avid contact of the topical dosage form with the eyes
Neonates: Contraindicated
2.Allergic reactions
3.Shock
4.Anaphylaxis
5.Intra-articular and soft tissue inflammation
6.Asthma
7.Rheumatoid arthritis
8.Adrenal insufficiency
9.Tuberculous meningitis
10.Respiratory diseases
11.Malignancies
12.Cerebral oedema
13.Collagen diseases
14.Addison`s disease
15.Simmond`s disease
16.Hypopitutarism following adrenalectomy
17.Taenosynovitis.
Carbamazepine, Primidone: Decreases efficacy.
Oral contraceptives: Increase efficacy of Betamethasone.
Oestrogens: Decreases efficacy of Betamethasone.
Ketoconazole: Increases efficacy of Betamethasone.
Rifampicin: Decreases efficacy.
Betamethasone effects the actions of the following:
Anticholinesterases: Efficacy antagonised in myasthenia gravis.
Oral anticoagulants: Altered response.
Cyclosporine: Increases efficacy leading to enhanced toxicity.
Digitals glycosides: Increases toxicity associated with hypokalaemia.
Isoniazid: Decreases serum levels.
Salicylates: Decreases serum levels.
Diuretics: Increases efficacy may cause increased hypokalaemia and increased hyperglycaemia.
Non-depolarising muscle relaxants - Altered response.
Somatrem: Growth promoting effect inhibited.
Theophyllines: Altered response of either agent.
IUCD: Contraceptive failure.
Lab. Tests:
a) Increases serum cholesterol levels.
b) Increases urine glucose levels.
c) Decreases Thyroid l 131 uptake; Decreases T3 serum levels.
d) Decreases serum potassium.
Children:
1 to 6 years: 25 to 50%
7 to 12 years: 50 to 75%
I.M. or I.V.: 4 to 20mg I.M. or as slow I.V. injection. Repeated if required; up to 4 times daily depending up on the severity of condition.
Children: Administered by slow I.V. injection;
<1year: 1mg
1 to 5 years: 2mg
6 to 12 years: 4mg
Intra-articular or soft tissue injection: 0.5 to 9mg depending up on the severity of the condition.
Topical:
Betamethasone Valerate: Apply to the affected area as thin film 1 - 4 times daily depending upon the severity, skin and rate of absorption.
Dermatoses of the scalp: (Betamethasone Valerate 0.12%): Small amount of foam is applied in to the scalp with gentle massage 2 times a day for up to 2 weeks.
Betamethasone dipropionate: Apply to the affected area as thin film 1 -2times daily
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